![]() Increases in stemness or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in primary breast cancer cells lead to enhanced plasticity, enabling tumor progression, therapeutic resistance, and distant metastatic spread. ![]() While targeted therapies exist for breast cancer patients with particular subtypes of the disease (Her2+ and ER/PR+), even in these subtypes the therapies are often not efficacious once the patient's tumor metastasizes. Thus, even with improved early screening and more targeted treatments which may enable better detection and control of early disease progression, metastatic disease remains a significant problem. ![]() With the exception of non-melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant disease among women, with the majority of mortality being attributable to metastatic disease. 4Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.3Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.2Department of General Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.1Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
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